May only be employed between 5 a.m. and 12:30 a.m. [LC 1308.7] Permits to work and employ required unless the minor is a high school graduate or equivalent. Wheelhouse. Still, all agreed that they want to continue to use electronic documents and modernizing the enrollment process. A Review of California's Compulsory Education Laws Average and median age of public school teachers and percentage 20192020. Dual enrollment is associated with positive academic outcomes in both high school and college. Smoothing the Transition to Postsecondary Education: The Impact of the Early College Model. Retrieved from the SERVE website. College staff noted that the college application is not user friendly from a high school perspective; it often requires hands-on support from counselors and other support staff. If the same applicant had completed a comparable dual enrollment course through Fresno City College with a C or better, that student would earn 4 units. However, these companies might not be the perfect match for you. We do not have high school information for most of those special admit students, so we estimate their high school class based on the age at which they first took a dual enrollment course. Have you lived in California for the last 12 months? 2017. Indeed, the K12 and college stakeholders we spoke to agreed that while they have amazing instructors who could teach both high school and college, the lack of instructors with discipline-specific masters degrees limits their opportunity to expand their pool of instructors and course offerings. A plethora of research shows that students benefit from dual enrollment in a variety of ways. The definition may undercount the number of districts offering dual enrollment programs. Independent, objective, nonpartisan research, 2023 Speaker Series on California's Future In-Person and Online, Dual enrollment is one of three major college acceleration programs in California high schools, Overall, about one in five dual enrollment courses are in career education (CE) (Figure 10). She holds a BA in economics/mathematics and Spanish from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and an MA and PhD in economics and education from Columbia University. Public Policy Institute of California, Louise Henry Bryson NOTES: Sample includes high school graduating classes of 2015/162019/20. High school students can get paid internships, an associate of science degree, and guaranteed admission to CSU Bakersfield or Fresno State, among other benefits (Wonderful Education n.d.). One dual enrollment program ran into difficulties because even though students had access to Chromebooks, the school district blocked access to Zoom, the online platform on which the courses were conducted. National Center for Postsecondary Research: Broadening the Benefits of Dual Enrollment. California Child Labor Laws is a publication by the State of California that outlines restrictions on employing minors and the types of work and equipment minors are prohibited from doing and using and is available here. However, more could be done to improve equitable representation in ECHS and MCHS and more importantly, to promote equity in student success. Dual Enrollment in California: Applying National Lessons to State Challenges. A student is considered a resident for admission purposes if he or she can answer yes to any of the following questions: Have you attended high school in California for at least three years during grades 9-12 and will graduate or have graduated from a California high school? Signature Initiative: Fresno K-16 Collaborative. Education Commission of the States. When school is not in session: California Community Colleges Chancellors Office (CCCCO). In contrast, three out of every ten courses in CCAP programs are CE. When it comes to student outcomes, dual enrollment schools have higher rates of grade 11 Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC) proficiency, AG completion, graduation, and college-going (Technical Appendix B, Table 1). J. Paul Getty Trust, Chet Hewitt Our interviewees noted that some of these challenges could be addressed if more high school instructors were qualified to teach college courses. However, only 4 of the 15 dual enrollment partnerships whose staff we interviewed have most of their courses taught by high school instructors. 2012. Special education students should be allowed "maximum interaction with the general school population" whenever it is appropriate for both the special education student and his/her nondisabled classmates. While it was a shock like no other, where educators faced significant challenges during their sudden transition to online courses and supports, the pandemic also created some important opportunities. Dual enrollment and related pathways in engineering, accounting, single subject teaching and teacher masters upskilling are key to the success of the collaborative. California could provide school buses for all kids under bill - Los Initiative. As part of CCAP, MCHS, and ECHS programs, K12 schools receive full average daily attendance (ADA) funding for dual enrollment students who enroll in a minimum of 180 minutes (3 hours); this minimum is 240 minutes (4 hours) for other forms of dual enrollment. COVID-19 and the State of K12 Schools: Results and Technical Documentation from the Spring 2020 American Educator Panels COVID-19 Surveys. Overall, about one in five dual enrollment courses are in career education (CE) (Figure 10). Nevertheless, non-transferable courses are a cause for concern, as they do not necessarily align with dual enrollments key goal, which is to accelerate students progress toward a college degree by helping them earn college credit while in high school. 20152016. For example, online instruction had long been under discussion, but before the pandemic not everyone was ready for that. Moving forward, dual enrollment stakeholders would like to keep offering online coursesin part so that students who previously could not participate because of prior commitments, like work or extracurricular activities, can now participate more easily. School Attendance: Early and Middle College High Schools. 2020; Johnson and Cuellar Mejia 2020b). This includes regular high schools, charter schools, alternative schools, and county schools. 50-State Comparison: Dual/Concurrent Enrollment Policies. Importantly, at two colleges, these intentional recruitment efforts were informed by an examination and discussion of equity data on enrollments and performance, with the goal of sharing information with K12 partners and engaging in discussions about addressing inequities in access and outcomes. Advanced placement (AP) and dual enrollment courses are the two primary mechanisms by which California high school students can earn college-level credit. At least, not under the policy the California Teachers Association (CTA) is pushing. (EC 49112) 4 hours per day on any schoolday** [EC 49112, 49116, LC 1391(a)(4)] Must have completed 7th grade to work while school in session (EC49112) 3 hours per schoolday outside of school hours Colleges offering dual enrollment that is not associated with CCAP, ECHS, or MCHS programs serve slightly fewer first-generation or low-income students. al 2015). Research has found that these courses, especially math, have traditionally posed barriers to students achieving their college goals (Johnson and Cuellar Mejia 2020b). 2019. Lucas Public Affairs, Helen Iris Torres Colleges . RAND Corporation. College and Career Access Pathways Legislative Report. One of the biggest challenges to expanding dual enrollment programs is finding qualified instructors. PDF 2020-21 Cal Grant Programs: General Eligibility Requirements 2019. College staff noted that large shares of dual enrollment students created the incentive to hire dedicated support staff to promote a successful college experience. Given that some CE credentials do not confer sizeable labor market returns, it will be imperative to align dual enrollment pathways to programs that lead to jobs with living wages. A large body of literature suggests that a masters degree is at best loosely correlated with teacher quality at the K12 level (Aaronson et al 2007); a similar study needs to be done at the community college level. Violations of child labor laws carry serious civil and criminal penalties. Online Learning and Student Outcomes in Community Colleges. However, many high school instructors do not have masters degrees in the disciplines they teach. High school graduates or the equivalent must be paid commensurate with adults when they perform the same quantity, quality, and classification of work. The ability to use the senior year of high school to complete key CCC, CSU, and UC admissions and/or graduation requirements would constitute a more efficient use of resources and align the three systems. 2021. College-Dual Enrollment Coursework Guidance., California State University. However, a recent report found that some programs still require students to resubmit documents every term (CCCCO 2021); this indicates that more can be done to reduce the barriers posed by the enrollment process. Local Control - Districts and Counties Information on the local responsibility granted to school districts and county education officials. AB 288 should be revised to align with the goals of AB 705 and the subsequent system wide shift away from remedial math and English. Before joining PPIC, she was a postdoctoral research associate at the Community College Research Center at Teachers College, Columbia University. The age distribution is based on the California Department of Educations enrollment by age file. Colleges and their K12 partners have an opportunity to help all high school students complete math, English, and ethnic studies general education requirements. Sample includes 2,989 high schools, defined as schools serving at least one high school grade. She graduated from high school at 12 years old, made national headlines as the youngest person to intern at NASA and is the youngest Black . Both the recent adoption of a CCC ethnic studies graduation requirement and legislation known as Assembly Bill 1460 (AB 1460), which mandates an ethnic studies graduation requirement at CSU starting in 202122, could further expand ethnic studies courses. Dual enrollment programs not specified as ECHS, MCHS, or CCAP offer a larger share of non-transferrable courses compared to the state average. Definitions and Terms. 2020a. Close and effective monitoring of student performance from both the high school and college partners involves counselors working directly with faculty to monitor assignments and participation, and reaching out to students who may not be doing well. Our sample also includes students in home school and private high schools; therefore, the number is higher than Wheelhouse (2020a, 2021). Throughout our interviews, it was clear that colleges and high schools do not want what many referred to as random acts of dual enrollment. A Guided Pathways regional coordinator in the Central Valley voiced a strong belief that dual enrollment has to be intentional and tied to a pathwaystudents are more motivated when they know why they are taking the courses and what they will get out of them. CrowdSmart, Cassandra Walker Pye There are stark differences across programs. Less than 9% of California's students ride a school bus, the lowest rate of any other state, according to a survey by the Federal Highway Administration in 2017. For a long time, California law limited the number of courses students could take per term and put caps on summer courses. Establish a longitudinal student database that streamlines the application and enrollment process and allows educators and policymakers to track dual enrollment participation and outcomes in high school, postsecondary education, and the labor market. California Expulsion Attorneys Explain School Expulsion Hearings | WK Indeed, they serve a higher share of Latino students, who have historically been tracked into non-college-prep high school pathways. While the Fair Labor and Standards Act (FLSA) regulates the employment of minors, including what hours they can work and industries, California has its own law, which is often more restrictive than the FLSA. This includes wage rates that are above the minimum wage. Her recent research focuses on statewide reforms to developmental education, English as a second language, and assessment and placement systems in Californias community colleges. California Community Colleges Chancellors Office. While minimum requirements are intended to ensure that students enroll in courses that match their skills and abilities, the selection criteria may be limiting dual enrollment opportunities for students who could successfully complete courses. Dee, T.S., and E.K. Research publications reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of our funders or of the staff, officers, advisory councils, or board of directors of the Public Policy Institute of California. 16 & 17 Year Old Workers Wage In California | CA Child Labor Interestingly, the pandemic has spurred conversations about the type of dual enrollment courses that will be needed in the future. All errors are our own. After all, if community colleges are not structured in a way to help students navigate successfully toward degrees and transfers, the potential of dual enrollment will not be fully realized. The 202122 Budget: California Community Colleges. Dual enrollment programs are an important policy lever to improve the transition from high school to college, expand educational opportunities, and improve economic mobility. 2 In Alabama's city school systems, students are entitled to admission until age 19. . 2020. For example, given that we find that while some CE courses do transfer, most only transfer to a CSU (Figure 11), it will be imperative to see if this limitation affects student success and equity. For a Covered California health plan, as long as students are a tax dependent of their parent (s) or under the age of 26, their eligibility for student health coverage does not make them ineligible to be covered on their parent's family health plan. Another big change implemented during the pandemic is the use of digital forms and documents. Dual enrollment, which provides opportunities for high school students to take college courses, is an important way to expand educational opportunities, improve economic mobility, and meet the states workforce needs (Education Commission of the States 2019). California State University. Importantly, our interviews with college stakeholders indicated CCAP has been building on the work of earlier grant funded initiatives, like the California Career Pathways Trust (CCPT), which were designed to support alignment between K12 and college CE pathways. Wheelhouse. This form must be completed first and then Form B1-4 is completed. n.d. Go From High School to a High Salary. Labor Market Returns to Sub-Baccalaureate Credentials: How Much Does a Community college Degree or Certificate Pay? Since dual enrollment aims to help students make progress toward college degrees, it is important to look at the types of courses offered across programs, and to understand the demographics of student participation and success across these course types. K-12 Schools Guidance 2021-2022 Questions & Answers Traditional dual enrollment programs in California and across the country have long focused on providing high-achieving students with advanced coursework. 14-year-old Texas girl, NASA intern about to graduate college - USA TODAY The benefits of dual enrollment are also greater if a student attends college in California not all out of state and private schools award college credit for dual enrollment courses. Public Policy Institute of California. In the case of child development, the pathway a student begins in dual enrollment could potentially set them on a track to complete a teaching credential or the like. These descriptive differences indicate a need for research that can draw from a dataset that links high school to college and labor market and leverage a quasi-experimental design to examine educational and labor market pathways. WAGES6 Required Payment of Adults Wage Rates6 Subminimum Wages6 Federal Opportunity Wage6 1. The California Education Code specifies minimum course requirements for the state's public school system: three years of instruction in both English and history/social science, two years in both math and science, and one year of either visual or performing arts, a foreign language, or career technical education. California's High School Graduation Requirements Because COMIS does not have high school records (and hence year of graduation), we use age of enrollment as a proxy to identify a students graduation class and year of graduation. Our interviews suggested that many colleges see CCAP as a way to keep and expand remedial course offerings, something that clearly does not meet the goals of dual enrollment or the AB 705 reforms. SOURCES: Staff demographics data, California Department of Education, 2015/162018/19. This may undercount participating high schools because colleges may not submit the annual reports. There is some overlap between CCAP, ECHS and MCHS participation. Because COMIS does not have high school records (and hence year of graduation), we use age of enrollment as a proxy to identify a students graduation class and year of graduation. EL information is based on English Learners files. TOP codes with an asterisk are considered CE courses. Nearly half of K12 teachers have at least 15 years of teaching experience, and existing research on teacher effectiveness shows that experience matters. Her areas of interest include math and science education, digital learning in K12 schools, and student transition from high school to college. Minimum qualifications for instructors. (Bohn et al. Indeed, our college and high school stakeholder interviewees indicated that they would like to continue offering online dual enrollment courses that were prompted by the pandemic to help improve equitable access and avoid logistical issues. Address instructor capacity issues. Up to eight (8) hours on non-school days or days preceding non-school days; Up to 48 hours per week; Between 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m., except on evenings preceding non-school days, 16- and 17-year-olds may work until 12:30 a.m. 14- and 15-year-old youth may not work while school is in session if they have not completed seventh grade However, students who take college-level courses through dual enrollment and earn a C or better are awarded credit for equivalent courses at any California public two- or four-year college (see Assist.org). High School Graduation Requirements - High School (CA Dept of Education) They give students who may not have seen themselves going to college an opportunity to experience college-level courses while still in a familiar and supportive high school environment. Notably, several colleges indicated that they offer a CSU-transferrable version of these courses, which suggests that transferrable counseling and student success courses could be offered in partnership with CSU. Finally, a few colleges we spoke to reported offering non-transferable dual enrollment courses as part of credit recovery programs to help students complete their high school graduation requirements. Nearly a quarter of MCHS colleges are in Central Valley/Mother Lode area and 20 percent of other dual enrollment colleges are in the North/Far North region. Community College Research Center. In fact, this is likely one main reason why CCAP courses offer larger shares of CE courses. California Laws & Codes - Laws & Regulations (CA Dept of Education) Minor employees are not allowed to work unlimited hours and their work hours may depend on their age and the school calendar as follows: Minors must be paid at least the minimum wage and applicable overtime rates and must be provided with all legally required meal and rest breaks. Several colleges cited AB 288 as an impetus for offering remedial courses. Belowis an overview of what employers need to know when it comes to hiring minors in California: Minors 12to15 years of age must attend high school full-time unlessthey have graduatedhigh school or equivalent. 2021; Karp et al. Except in limited circumstances, employers are required to get a work permit issued by the minors school before hire, unless the minor is a high school graduate or equivalent. 2007. It does not take or support positions on any ballot measures or on any local, state, or federal legislation, nor does it endorse, support, or oppose any political parties or candidates for public office. SACRAMENTOThe California Department of Education (CDE) today released high school graduation data that showed rates remained largely steady overall in 2019-20and some of the state's highest-need students saw increasesduring a school year in which the majority of California's schools abruptly shifted to distance learning midway through their s. 25(1): 95-135. On the AP front, colleges and universities often only grant college credit to students who obtain satisfactory scores on AP exams (usually a 3 or higher). Edmunds, J., F. Unlu, E., Glennie, L. Bernstein, L. Fesler, J. Furey, and N. Arshavsky. As the state recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative that the K12 and community college systems work together to build an equitable and effective system that addresses the academic and socio-emotional needs of students. California State University: Graduation Requirement: Ethnic Studies. PDF CHILD LABOR LAWS - California Department of Industrial Relations Dee, and E.K. 2014. Maximum Work Hours Permitted 1. Gao, Niu, and Hans Johnson. We rely on California Department of Education student enrollment information, which is based on grade and age, to estimate time of graduation (assuming graduating within four years). 16- and 17-year-olds may work up to 8 hours a day, up to 48 hours a week, and between 7:00 a.m. and 12:30 a.m., on days that do not precede a schoolday. We find that 41 percent of non-transferrable courses are developmental courses; however, there are stark differences across programs. In 2018-19, nearly 90 percent of high school students were in schools that offer AP programs. HTST Program Widely Recognized as Problematic. Like AB 288, AB 413 specified that MCHS programs provide a college and career preparatory curriculum to students who might not otherwise be served by dual enrollmentespecially those who are performing below their academic potential.. Our research finds important challenges and opportunities when it comes to expanding dual enrollment opportunities with equity in mind. Instead, resources should be used to strengthen the high school curriculum so that high school students are prepared to take gateway math and English courses during their senior year or upon entry to college. After the pandemic moving dual enrollment courses online, some high schools that had returned to in-person instruction were running study hall classrooms for dual enrollment students, with a high school teacher available to provide support and answer questions. ECHS and MCHS colleges serve a higher share of Black students. Nielsen Merksamer Parrinello For example, some colleges require a minimum number of students for courses. Engagement and Attainment: The Longer-Term Effects of Ethnic Studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021. A: While this situation is rare, it is possible for an incoming freshman to play sports at the high school they are enrolled at right away. SOURCES: School level data from California Department of Education, 201617 -201819; National Center for Education Statistics 201718. NOTES: Sample includes 438,417 high school students who graduated between 2015/16 and 2019/20. CE instructors typically need a bachelors or associate degree and professional experience (California Community College Chancellors Office 2020). NOTES: CCAP courses are identified using annual CCAP reports submitted to the Chancellors office between 2016/17 and 2019/20. During lunch break whether on or off campus. College enrollment is based on the National Student Clearinghouse match included in COMIS. SOURCE: Authors calculation using COMIS data, 2012/132019/20. Most courses were inaugurated in the 201617 school year. California Child Labor Laws - Employment Law Handbook Edison International The more severe civil penalties generally involve employment in hazardous occupations. Several colleges noted that simplifying the complex application and enrollment process could help equitably expand programs. Home Phone Age at Time of Issuance Birth Date Home Address School Information City Zip Code School Name School Phone School Address City . Penner. Some 800 high schools across the country and about 16,000 students are a part of the testing, or about twice as many as originally planned thanks to a surge in demand for the course in recent months. Bonnie Brooks and Gabriel Gutierrez-Aragon, Supported with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the College Futures Foundation, and Sutton Family Fund. Three-Day Virtual Conference, July 13, 2023 PDF SUMMARY CHART - California Department of Industrial Relations Nguyen, T.T. Those students took at least one dual enrollment course at some point between 201213 and 201920. However, at a similar number of colleges, dual enrollment either declined, plateaued, or grew only slightly. Higher Education and Economic Opportunity in California. Niu Gao is a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, specializing in K12 education. Early college and middle college high schools are identified based on our review of college websites, high school websites, and conversations with individual colleges and high schools.

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